FUNCTIONAL MRI is a noninvasive method in brain imaging. Localization, classification, prediction and connectivity are the most common issues. FUNCTIONAL connectivity is a branch of fMRI that focuses on connectivity between voxels and ROIs. There are several methods for investigating FUNCTIONAL connectivity such as correlation analysis. In any field, it is very important that results of any research have reliability according to the experiment. Any methods and measurement instruments need to be reliable. Without reliability, results are meaningless and our research is not trustworthy. Brain imaging can be used as a valuable tool for pre-surgical planning, so the results should be highly reproducible. Test-retest reliability can be explored using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). I2C2 is an extent of ICC to verify the reliability in high-dimensional data as imaging studies. 13 subjects of testretest resting-state fMRI are used to investigate reliability. I2C2 of four ROIs are also computed (Caudate, Cingulate, Cuneus and Precentral regions). FUNCTIONAL connectivity is found to have moderate reliability ranging 0. 6244 to 0. 6941. 95% confidence interval of I2C2 is calculated by nonparametric bootstrap in which CI of Caudate region I2C2 has the shortest length.

Purpose: Olfactory system is a vital sensory system in mammals, giving them the ability to connect with their environment. Anosmia, or the complete loss of olfaction ability, which could be caused by injuries, is an interesting topic for inspectors with the aim of diagnosing patients. Sniffing test is currently utilized to examine if an individual is suffering from anosmia,however, FUNCTIONAL Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides unique information about the structure and function of the different areas of the human brain, and therefore this noninvasive method could be used as a tool to locate the olfactory-related regions of the brain. Materials and Methods: In this study, by recruiting 31 healthy and anosmic individuals, we investigated the neural Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) responses in the olfactory cortices following two odor stimuli, rose and eucalyptus, by using a 3T MR scanner. Results: Comparing the two groups, we observed a network of brain areas being more active in normal individuals when smelling the odors. In addition, a number of brain areas also showed an activation decline during the odor stimuli, which is hypothesized as a resource allocation deactivation. Conclusion: This study illustrated alterations in the brain activity between normal individuals and anosmic patients when smelling odors, and could potentially help for a better anosmia diagnosis in the future.

Introduction & Background: By using newer imaging techniques (MRI and MSCT), it is possible to perform FUNCTIONAL studies of the heart including, wall mo-tin, chamber volume evaluation, and myocardial mass and wall thickness. While MRI had recently been introduced as the gold standard method for the morphological and FUNCTIONAL studies of the heart, recent advances in the number of detectors, rotation time, and reconstruction protocols made Multiline CT (MSCT) another new application for FUNCTIONAL studies of the heart too. Ordinary raw data for Coro-nary CT angiography is sufficient for these FUNCTIONAL studies. Apart from the point that which technique is to be used to get a standard and reproducible measurement, a proper imaging strategy is necessary. To use MSCT, various software’s are available for these studies. By the use of these two modalities, alular evaluations are also possible as addressed in many recent publications. In this article the strategy for FUNCTIONAL study of the heart is presented and some case studies are also discussed.